29 December 2007

Falta involucrar a la población en la conservación de reservas ecológicas

La prohibición de actividades en las áreas protegidas afecta a las comunidades
La reserva de la biosfera de Zicuirán-Infiernillo será foco rojo, prevé Tamara Ortiz
TAMARA SOSA / La Jornada Michoacán

Las reservas ecológicas de la entidad no han sido planeadas para que la población se involucre en su conservación, lo que ha propiciado una serie de conflictos sociales en zonas como la de la mariposa Monarca, asentó la docente del Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas (Cieco) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tamara Ortiz Avila.
Michoacán, con ecosistemas de bosque templado, selva baja, con una zona de sierra, selva mediana y costa, se ubica como el quinto estado con mayor biodiversidad a nivel nacional, lo que ha hecho propicio que se decreten distintas áreas de reserva ecológica tanto a nivel estatal, federal como internacional.
A nivel estatal, en esta administración la Secretaría de Urbanismo y Medio Ambiente (SUMA) emprendió un sistema de protección de las áreas naturales importantes en la entidad.
De esa manera, de acuerdo a SUMA, las áreas naturales protegidas son el instrumento de política ambiental con mayor definición jurídica para la conservación de la biodiversidad, y se trata de porciones terrestres o acuáticas del territorio nacional representativas de los diversos ecosistemas, en donde el ambiente original no ha sido esencialmente alterado por la mano del hombre, o de aquellas que han sido manejadas por el hombre y después de su abandono se han recuperado y requieren ser protegidas o restauradas.
Así, a la fecha, en el estado se han iniciado procesos de decreto y se han decretado 17 áreas naturales protegidas, las cuales son Agua Caliente en el municipio de Marcos Castellanos, Los Chorros del Varal en Los Reyes, Manantiales de Parácuaro, La Alberca de los Espinos en Villa Jiménez, La Chichihua en Coalcomán, Cerro Punhuato y la Ex Escuela Agrícola denominada La Huerta en el municipio de Morelia, Cerro Hueco y La Alberca en Tacámbaro, El Barrancón de las Guacamayas en Chinicuila, Laguna de Chandio en Apatzingán, Manantial La Mintzita en Morelia, La Chichihua en Coalcomán, Parque Ecológico Agua Tibia-Jeroche en Puruándiro, Bosque Cuauh-témoc y Parque Juárez en el municipio de Jiquilpan, Lic. Salvador Bernal Murgía en Uruapan, Las Tinajas de Huandacareo y Volcán El Jorullo en La Huacana.
A nivel nacional como santuarios se decretó la Playa de Maruata y Colola y la Playa Mexiquillo, en cuanto a parques nacionales, en Uruapan se decretó la Barranca del Cupatitzio, en Hidalgo y Queréndaro el Cerro de Garnica, en Charo y Tzitzio, Insurgente José María Morelos, en Tangancícuaro y Tancítaro el lago de Camécuaro, además del Pico de Tancítaro en Nuevo Parangaricutiro y Peribán.
Finalmente como reservas de biosfera, -que tienen reconocimiento a nivel internacional ya que se involucran organizaciones como la UNESCO–, en Michoacán se encuentran la mariposa Monarca y recientemente Zicuirán-Infiernillo con una superficie de 265 mil 117 hectáreas que involucra a cuatro municipios.
En ese sentido, la académica del Cieco de la UNAM, Tamara Ortiz Avila consideró que SUMA ha hecho un buen esfuerzo por decretar nuevas áreas naturales, pues no sólo se creó un sistema de categorización sino que se publicó un libro y se realizaron talleres para involucrar a la población de varias regiones del estado para que la gente decidiera cuáles eran las zonas que debían protegerse por razones culturales o biológicas.
Por tal motivo, en general podría decirse que sí hay un cuidado por parte de las autoridades en el tema de las reservas naturales aseguró la académica, sin embargo, el principal obstáculo es que en la protección de las áreas no se ha involucrado a la población que se encuentra directamente en contacto en esos lugares.
Y es que Ortiz Avila explicó que en las áreas protegidas se clasifica una zona núcleo y de amortiguamiento, en la primera se decreta que es “totalmente intocable” por diferentes razones que dependen de acuerdo a cada caso, en la de amortiguamiento pueden realizarse actividades de bajo impacto o sustentables que pueden ser de todo tipo.
Así, consideró que las reservas se planean “de arriba para abajo” por lo que no cumplen con el objetivo de la conservación pues no se contempla a la gente, a las comunidades que rodean a las zonas “sólo llegan un día y se les dice que el decreto es definitivo y que en adelante no podrán hacer nada”.
La prohibición de cualquier actividad en las regiones decretadas como áreas naturales protegidas afecta directamente a la población que habita en dichas zonas, pues en la mayoría de los casos son sus únicas fuentes de subsistencia, creando así conflictos sociales entre las comunidades.
Un ejemplo de conflicto social generado por la imposición de una reserva natural es la región de la mariposa Monarca, destacó la académica del Cieco, pues desde que se dictaminó la reserva, la deforestación y la tala clandestina ha ido en aumento debido a que la gente de las comunidades que normalmente tenía un aprovechamiento forestal de la región súbitamente se le prohibió cualquier actividad y así devino un problema mucho más profundo. De esa manera, a pesar de que se invierten millones de pesos cada año en solucionar el problema de la región, no se resuelve, pues la gente no está involucrada en los proyectos de conservación que usualmente se hacen de manera “muy vertical”.
Próximamente se vaticina un problema similar en dimensiones mayores en la recién decretada reserva de biosfera de Zicuirán-Infiernillo, consideró Ortiz Avila, debido a que se trata de una región de alta marginación en donde principalmente hay una actividad ganadera, además de que se trata de tierras ejidales, lo que implica que habrá más problemas que en la zona de la Monarca, en donde la madera es el único punto de conflicto.
Así, destacó que existe una corriente en el tema de la protección ambiental en donde se tratan de generar nuevos modelos de conservación, y en donde las comunidades de los ejidos sean las ejecutoras de las reservas, con una alternativa de desarrollo para que no sea “conservar por conservar” sino que se incentive la implementación de proyectos que pudieran ser ecoturísticos y sustentables con los recursos de las plantas medicinales, y de la madera con el objetivo de que se creen beneficios económicos para la población que habita en las reservas.
Para el caso de Zicuirán-Infiernillo distintas organizaciones sociales así como académicos de la UNAM solicitaron a las autoridades correspondientes que pusieran énfasis en la realización del decreto para que no se excluyera a la población, sin embargo dicho cometido no se logró, afirmó Ortiz Avila.
Finalmente aseguró que a pesar de que ha habido un esfuerzo por parte de las autoridades en torno a la preservación de áreas naturales, no se ha logrado que haya un compromiso por involucrar a las comunidades que habitan en las zonas de reserva del estado, por lo que la siguiente administración tendrá como reto lograr que la población se beneficie de los decretos existentes en el estado, por lo que la académica del Cieco concluyó: “es obvio que es un camino largo por recorrer y este modelo de conservación de arriba para abajo se va a seguir impulsando. No va a cambiar pero en la medida en que las comunidades demuestren que pueden crear sus propios modelos de conservación pues se van a ir dando los esquemas”.

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