15 October 2008
Chances of halving world hunger by 2015 "remote": FAO
ROME (AFP) — The international goal of cutting hunger by half by 2015 appears "even more remote" after 75 million new people joined the ranks of the famished last year, a United Nations agency said Tuesday.
The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) said that high food prices have reversed the gains made towards achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015.
Jacques Diouf, director-general of the Rome-based agency, said Wednesday that the number of malnourished people rose from 850 million to 925 million in 2007.
During world food summits held in 1996, 2002 and last June, the international community underscored its desire to reach food security and cut the number of people suffering from chronic hunger in half by 2015.
But given last year's dramatic rise, the FAO said: "The achievement of the World Food Summit goal of halving the number of hungry people is even more remote."
The agency warned the number of people suffering from acute hunger has probably gone up again this year due to the continuing rise of the prices of grains and oil.
Of the 75 million new people who went hungry last year, 41 million were in Asia and the Pacific, 24 million in sub-Saharan Africa, six million in Latin America, and four million in North Africa and the Middle East.
16 July 2008
Feeding Africa: Key is better farms, not food aid
AWASH MELKASA, Ethiopia (AP) — Hussein Ibrahim walked solemnly past tidy rows of bright green cabbages, vines bursting with tomatoes and trees weighed down with plump avocados.
This modern, thriving farm — a rarity in drought-ravaged Ethiopia — filled Hussein with envy. Like so many other farmers across the Horn of Africa, he has no hope for his own crops this year.
"We are behind all the other people in the world," said Hussein, who tends his land in southern Ethiopia the way his ancestors did hundreds of years ago — with rain, if it comes; and oxen, as long as they're healthy.
To break out of endless cycles of drought, poverty and hunger, experts say, Africa desperately needs to modernize its age-old farming techniques. But the vast sums in foreign aid to Africa go toward feeding the hungry, and very little is left for improving farming so that Africans will cease to depend on handouts.
It isn't impossible. A decade ago, a "green revolution" helped millions of farmers in Asia and Latin America emerge from poverty with basic innovations such as fertilizer, improved irrigation and hybrid seeds.
But Africa's farms, which employ more than half the labor force, remain one-fourth as productive as their counterparts around the world.
Ethiopia drew international attention in 1984 when a famine compounded by communist policies killed 1 million people. It is now gripped by drought that has left 4.6 million people in need of emergency food shipments.
Drought is especially bad for Ethiopia because farming employs more than 80 percent of Ethiopians and accounts for half of all domestic production and 85 percent of exports.
Yet it's not that Ethiopia is incapable of growing food, as this experimental farm 100 miles southwest of Addis Ababa demonstrates. It just needs the right tools.
The farm, part of a government-run research center, beats the drought with smart irrigation systems, higher-yielding seeds, and fertilizer and pesticides correctly applied.
Hussein and dozens of other farmers were invited to the farm in late June to learn about modern agricultural techniques.
The 640-acre center employs nearly 350 workers, nearly 60 of whom hold advanced degrees in agriculture. It was set up in 1969 in the dying days of Ethiopia's monarchy, survived a decade of Marxist dictatorship, famine and wars, and continues to point the way to food independence.
But all it can do is point. It costs the Ethiopian government about $1.1 million a year to run the farm. The average Ethiopian works two acres, has little education and earns about $800 a year.
Also on the visit to the center was Mitike Abebe, who farms wheat, barley, lentils and other crops in southern Ethiopia. She depends entirely on rainfall, sturdy oxen, and her overworked soil.
"We don't want food aid," she said. "We need tractors, we need seeds, we need farm machinery."
There's aid aplenty — Ethiopia alone got $1.95 billion in 2006 — but Africa-wide, less than 5 percent of it goes toward the sort of things Mitike needs.
The United States, Ethiopia's largest donor, this year gave it more than $570 million, but just over 1 percent of that money is going toward developing agriculture.
In 2004, African nations agreed to set aside 10 percent of their national budgets for agricultural development. Ethiopia exceeded that promise, with 16 percent of its $3.4 billion budget. But experts say it is simply not enough for a country so dependent on the land.
According to the U.N., nearly two-thirds of Africa's agricultural land has been degraded by erosion and misused pesticides. In Ethiopia, where bad farming practices have led to massive erosion, 85 percent of land is damaged.
"We've under-invested, and everybody appreciates this now," said Glenn Anders, who heads the American aid program in Ethiopia. "Particularly in Africa, for the last few decades, maybe more."
The continent's other needs often offer a quicker fix for donors, he said.
"You give a kid an immunization and that kid's better. Agriculture's much more indirect than that and also requires a lot more time. It's not a quick fix at all."
14 June 2008
Distracciones
Por Juan Gelman
Se dijo de todo para explicar la crisis alimentaria que amenaza con elevar ya a casi mil millones el número de quienes se mueren de hambre en el planeta. Sucedió en la reunión realizada en la sede de la FAO en Roma, que terminó este jueves y en la que 193 naciones del mundo lanzaron gritos de alarma ante lo que se viene. En realidad ya vino, pero hace más de 20 años que los gestores del mundo globalizado globalizan sistemáticamente el hambre y al parecer se distrajeron. En las reuniones de los países más industrializados, los del grupo G-8, el tema del hambre apenas merecía una mención trivial. Hoy causa un repentino nerviosismo y Ban Ki-Moon, secretario general de la ONU, fue claro en las razones: “No podemos fracasar (en resolver el problema). Es una lucha que no podemos perder; el hambre crea inestabilidad y tenemos que reaccionar unidos e inmediatamente”. No hay compasión, hay miedo.
En 2007, el precio del arroz, los frijoles y la fruta subió un 45 por ciento en el mercado interno de Haití y a fines de marzo pasado se elevó la espiral. El 3 de abril, en la ciudad portuaria de Les Cayes, más de tres mil manifestantes levantaron barricadas en las calles, bloquearon a los camiones que transportaban arroz, distribuyeron el producto y trataron luego de incendiar una instalación de las fuerzas de paz de la ONU a cargo de tropas uruguayas que abrieron fuego contra la multitud. Resultado: cuatro muertos y 20 heridos (news.bbc.co.uk, 5-4-08). Las protestas se extendieron a la capital, Port-au-Prince, donde miles de personas marcharon hacia el palacio presidencial al grito de “¡Tenemos hambre!”, exigieron la retirada de las fuerzas de la ONU y el regreso del presidente Jean-Bertrand Aristide, que un golpe de Estado marca USA derrocó en 2004. El primer ministro Jacques Edouard Alexis aclaró las cosas: era una manifestación infiltrada por narcos y otros contrabandistas. El precio del arroz no estuvo allí.
Hubo de lo mismo en más de 20 países del llamado Tercer Mundo. A fines de 2007, la policía de Dakar no vaciló en apalear y gasear a miles de senegaleses que reclamaban comida. En febrero de este año, los sindicatos y pequeños comerciantes de Burkina Faso realizaron una huelga de dos días exigiendo la rebaja del precio del arroz y de otros alimentos, que habían aumentado del 10 al 65 por ciento (www.irinnews.org, 22-2-08). Más de 100 detenidos, claro.
En Bangladesh, unos 20 mil obreros textiles de Fatullah, localidad cercana a Dhaka, la capital, fueron a la huelga por mayores salarios en abril: la bolsa de dos kilos de arroz equivale a medio día de salario. Casi contemporáneamente, y por la misma demanda, fueron reprimidos los trabajadores del complejo textil de Mahalla, en el delta del Nilo: el gobierno egipcio envió miles de tropas para impedir la huelga, hubo dos muertos y alrededor de 600 detenidos. La lista sigue.
En Costa de Marfil; Pakistán, Tailandia, Camboya, Etiopía, Níger, Perú, Honduras, Zambia y otros se presenciaron –y reprimieron– movimientos semejantes. El FMI, que tanto contribuye a esta grave crisis imponiendo “reformas estructurales” a los países pobres, parece algo asustado: su director ejecutivo, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, advirtió a los gobiernos que “verán la destrucción de todo lo que hicieron y también de su legitimidad ante la población. De modo que no se trata sólo una cuestión humanitaria –agregó sin reparo alguno–, tampoco sólo de una cuestión económica, es además una cuestión de democracia”, es decir, de mantener el sistema que hambrea (ifm.org, 12-4-08). Como dijera Elías Antonio Saca, presidente de El Salvador, país que también sufre lo suyo: “Es una tormenta escandalosa que se puede convertir en huracán y trastornar nuestras economías y también la estabilidad de nuestros países” (International Herald Tribune, 18-4-08). Estabilidad, palabra santa.
Hay 2600 millones de personas en el mundo que ganan menos de dos dólares por día y alimentarse les comería, según el país, hasta el 80 por ciento de sus ingresos. De manera que no comen o comen de manera insuficiente, su rebeldía es concreta como una piedra y los enormes intereses que manejan el precio de los cereales conocen el temor: “La idea de que las masas hambrientas, llevadas por su desesperación, tomaran las calles para derribar al ancien régime parecía definitivamente exótica dado que el capitalismo triunfó de manera terminante en la Guerra Fría”, señala el conocido periodista Tony Karon en “Cómo el hambre puede derrocar regímenes” (Time, 11-4-08). Y agrega: “Sin embargo, los titulares del mes pasado sugieren que el abrupto aumento del precio de los comestibles amenaza la estabilidad de un número creciente de gobiernos en todo el mundo... cuando las circunstancias tornan imposible alimentar a los hijos, ciudadanos normalmente pasivos pueden convertirse rápidamente en militantes que no tienen nada que perder”. En efecto, el hambre es una forma aguda de terrorismo.
10 June 2008
The Rich Get Hungrier
The New York Times, May 28, 2008
WILL the food crisis that is menacing the lives of millions ease up — or grow worse over time? The answer may be both. The recent rise in food prices has largely been caused by temporary problems like drought in Australia, Ukraine and elsewhere. Though the need for huge rescue operations is urgent, the present acute crisis will eventually end. But underlying it is a basic problem that will only intensify unless we recognize it and try to remedy it.
It is a tale of two peoples. In one version of the story, a country with a lot of poor people suddenly experiences fast economic expansion, but only half of the people share in the new prosperity. The favored ones spend a lot of their new income on food, and unless supply expands very quickly, prices shoot up. The rest of the poor now face higher food prices but no greater income, and begin to starve. Tragedies like this happen repeatedly in the world.
A stark example is the Bengal famine of 1943, during the last days of the British rule in India. The poor who lived in cities experienced rapidly rising incomes, especially in Calcutta, where huge expenditures for the war against Japan caused a boom that quadrupled food prices. The rural poor faced these skyrocketing prices with little increase in income.
Misdirected government policy worsened the division. The British rulers were determined to prevent urban discontent during the war, so the government bought food in the villages and sold it, heavily subsidized, in the cities, a move that increased rural food prices even further. Low earners in the villages starved. Two million to three million people died in that famine and its aftermath.
Much discussion is rightly devoted to the division between haves and have-nots in the global economy, but the world’s poor are themselves divided between those who are experiencing high growth and those who are not. The rapid economic expansion in countries like China, India and Vietnam tends to sharply increase the demand for food. This is, of course, an excellent thing in itself, and if these countries could manage to reduce their unequal internal sharing of growth, even those left behind there would eat much better.
But the same growth also puts pressure on global food markets — sometimes through increased imports, but also through restrictions or bans on exports to moderate the rise in food prices at home, as has happened recently in countries like India, China, Vietnam and Argentina. Those hit particularly hard have been the poor, especially in Africa.
There is also a high-tech version of the tale of two peoples. Agricultural crops like corn and soybeans can be used for making ethanol for motor fuel. So the stomachs of the hungry must also compete with fuel tanks.
Misdirected government policy plays a part here, too. In 2005, the United States Congress began to require widespread use of ethanol in motor fuels. This law combined with a subsidy for this use has created a flourishing corn market in the United States, but has also diverted agricultural resources from food to fuel. This makes it even harder for the hungry stomachs to compete.
Ethanol use does little to prevent global warming and environmental deterioration, and clear-headed policy reforms could be urgently carried out, if American politics would permit it. Ethanol use could be curtailed, rather than being subsidized and enforced.
The global food problem is not being caused by a falling trend in world production, or for that matter in food output per person (this is often asserted without much evidence). It is the result of accelerating demand. However, a demand-induced problem also calls for rapid expansion in food production, which can be done through more global cooperation.
While population growth accounts for only a modest part of the growing demand for food, it can contribute to global warming, and long-term climate change can threaten agriculture. Happily, population growth is already slowing and there is overwhelming evidence that women’s empowerment (including expansion of schooling for girls) can rapidly reduce it even further.
What is most challenging is to find effective policies to deal with the consequences of extremely asymmetric expansion of the global economy. Domestic economic reforms are badly needed in many slow-growth countries, but there is also a big need for more global cooperation and assistance. The first task is to understand the nature of the problem.
Amartya Sen, who teaches economics and philosophy at Harvard, received the Nobel Prize in economics in 1998 and is the author, most recently, of “Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny.”
20 May 2008
FAO: BIODIVERSIDAD, CLAVE EN CRISIS ALIMENTARIA
La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), con sede en Roma, si bien reconoció "la importancia de la biodiversidad" para enfrentar esa crisis, también "lanzó una advertencia" al respecto.
La FAO estimó que en el último siglo "se perdieron en torno a las tres cuartas partes de diversidad genética de las variedades de cultivos agrícolas, y que cientos de las 7.000 razas animales registradas en sus bases de datos están amenazadas de extinción".
La mayor parte de los alimentos del mundo proceden actualmente sólo de "doce cultivos y catorce especies animales" "Una menor diversidad genética significa menos oportunidades para el crecimiento y la innovación necesarios para impulsar la agricultura en una época de precios alimentarios en alza", afirmó la Organización de la ONU. Müller, que encabeza el departamento de gestión de recursos naturales y medio ambiente en la FAO, sostuvo también que "La erosión de la biodiversidad para la agricultura y la alimentación pone gravemente en peligro la seguridad alimentaria mundial". Según el experto, se requiere intensificar los "esfuerzos para proteger y gestionar de modo inteligente la biodiversidad", pues "su uso sostenible es fundamental para conseguir un sistema de abastecimiento alimentario seguro y sostenible".
"Hacemos un llamamiento a la comunidad internacional para que intensifique su acción y compromiso para integrar las preocupaciones de la seguridad alimentaria y la biodiversidad", destacó.
Las declaraciones de Müller coinciden con el inicio de una conferencia mundial sobre la biodiversidad, 19 al 30 de mayo de 2008, en Bonn, Alemania, del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB).
En esa conferencia participarán representantes de unos 190 países, junto a otros de organizaciones internacionales.
En tanto, los precios del pan, el arroz, los productos de maíz, el aceite, la soja (soya) y otros alimentos básicos aumentaron bruscamente en estos últimos meses en todos los países en desarrollo. (ANSA). MRZ
19/05/2008 16:09
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